Anyone who attended Hebrew or Sunday School remembers learning about the commandment: Al tignov (“Thou shalt not steal”). Back then, it seemed so black and white. Unfortunately, today ethical questions have become fraught with ambiguity and tempered by moral complication.

Take the case of Jack Abramoff, the powerful Washington lobbyist and prominently-identified Orthodox Jew, who stands accused of accepting $80-million in fees from various Native American tribes who wished to gain casino licenses or prevent competing tribes from getting them. The tribes are crying foul at the enormous sums paid to Abramoff. The New York Times reported several months ago that his “lobbying for Indian tribes is under scrutiny by the Justice Department, the Interior Department, the Treasury Department and two Senate committees.” The Times reports today that his attorneys are in intensive negotiations with the Justice Department regarding his cooperation in the prosecution of his former Republican political patrons.
While the possibility that Abramoff engaged in fraud in pocketing the fees is troubling enough, the goal of his work in promoting the gaming industry raises ethical concerns too. And the ways in which he co-mingled these fees with his charitable activities has to be troubling to those Jews who respect the integrity of tzedakah (“charity”). The notion that he appears to have used these groups as conduits to “launder” the lobbying fees of their gambling “taint” is even more disturbing. The [Austin Statesman->http://www.statesman.com/search/content/news/stories/nation/12/15abramoff.html] describes in copious detail the various charitable manipulations which Abramoff favored for his Capital Athletic Foundation. Among other things, he told the IRS the Foundation made grants to Jewish charities which it never made. As if he didn’t have enough problems, such fraudulent reporting can be criminally prosecuted.
Articles in the Washington Post and New York Times (among others) note that Abramoff donated millions to Jewish charities including his own children’s Jewish day school, which he himself founded. What, as Jews, do we think of someone who earns money from a ‘tainted’ source and donates it as tzedakah? What, as Jews, do we have to say about the donor and the tzedakah itself? Does the good of the mitzvah (“good deed”) outweigh the bad of the tainted source? What obligation, if any, does the donee have in terms of accepting the money? In Abramoff’s case it appears that the donees were mere extensions of himself and his political interests and not non-profits with independent boards. Another troubling issue.
Even in his tzedakah, Abramoff’s motives and actions were suspect. The Jewish Telegraphic Agency says: “Newsweek reported the FBI is investigating whether he funneled funds from the Capital Athletic Foundation, a charity he established to support sports programs for urban youth” and to support West Bank settlements. Anyone who raises funds for one purpose and funnels those funds to an entirely unrelated cause is committing a grave violation of fundraising, if not ethical principles. At the very least, you are liable to alienate those donors by misleading them as to what you intended to do with the money.
Another concern I have is—if you accept a tainted gift, are you not allowing the donor to assuage whatever guilty conscience he might have about how he earned the money in the first place? Should non-profits be in the business of allowing donors to purify themselves in the eyes of the community by giving charitable gifts? And do not doubt that this is precisely what was in Jack Abramoff’s mind. He pleads in the New York Times (TimesSelect subscription required) for our sympathy: “I have spent years giving away virtually everything I made. Frankly, I didn’t need to have a kosher delicatessen. That was money I could have bought a yacht with. I don’t live an extravagant lifestyle. I felt that the resources coming into my hands were the consequence of God putting them there.”
Michael Crowley writes this about Abramoff’s ability to be loud, profane and crude while at the same time showing a reverence for Jewish religious practice:
I had noticed that amid the vast profanity and insults and Machiavellian exultations in his e-mail messages, Abramoff drew lines. In one message, he rendered ”God” as ”G-D.” Abramoff nodded solemnly when I brought this up. ”This is a Jewish tradition, to not write out God’s name in something that might be destroyed,” he explained.
I find the hateful ethnic slurs in Abramoff’s correspondence with his colleagues to be morally offensive to me as a Jew. As a people who have suffered deeply from similar hatred and bigotry, do we not have a special obligation to condemn such bigotry when it comes from one of our own? I believe God frowns upon the man who respects Him but disrespects His creatures.
Biblical Sources on Tainted Tzedakah
In an interview, Rabbi Elliot Dorff, rector of the University of Judaism, explained that Deuteronomy 23:19 (“Do not bring the wages of a prostitute or price of a dog into the House of the Lord as a vow since both are an abomination to the Lord your God.”) prohibits the Temple from accepting gifts from prostitutes. So certainly our tradition recognizes that some gifts are tainted beyond redemption. Dorff also tells me that when he sat on the Ethics Committee of Los Angeles Jewish Family Service his group deliberated on a proposed $10,000 gift from Phillip Morris. The only condition attached to the gift was that the company wanted the right to publicize its affiliation with JFS. To this (and to its credit), the committee refused though they would have accepted the gift without strings.
Tainted Jewish Donors: Michael Milken
I remember attending a national conference of synagogue directors years ago at the time that Michael Milken was convicted of fraudulent stock transactions while associated with Drexel Burnham. He had just given millions to Stephen Wise Temple and the new Bernard Milken Jewish Community campus in the San Fernando Valley. At one conference meeting, a speaker said: “It’s not the job of an organization to examine the ethical background of a donation or a donor. We’re in the business of doing good, not vetting people. My only consideration is that he pays his pledge. Besides, the good we can do with the money cancels whatever bad he might’ve done in earning it.”
I guess this is what you’d have to call situational ethics with a vengeance. It argues that a strict, unconditional approach to ethics is impractical in today’s world. And there’s something appealing about this view as we all wish charities to do good.
How bad does a donor’s behavior have to be before it becomes treif—too objectionable for consideration as a proper act of tzedakah. Would we accept tzedakah from a drug dealer? A murderer? A spouse-beater? You can see that you can get into some murky ethical territory if you try to begin classifying levels of ethical impropriety for the sake of tzedakah.
Tainted Jewish Donor II: Ivan Boesky
In the 1980s, the Jewish Theological Seminary’s new library was named for Ivan Boesky. When he was indicted, the Seminary was in a real quandary as to what it should do. It did not want to offend a donor, but it also did not want its institution sullied by association with a convicted felon. Boesky resolved the issue decently by resigning from the Seminary’s board and asking the Chancellor to remove his name.
Abramoff and His Impact on American Jews
Because Abramoff comes across as a boor and rapacious power grabber, he’s an easy candidate for moral censure. But no matter his level of boorishness, his actions pose a significant taint on our entire community. It is all too easy, for example, for anti-Semites to say: “Look at Abramoff, he’s just one example of what they all do: steal from the goyim (or in this case, Native Americans) for the sake of their own.” And don’t think this is a hypothetical example. I wrote a post about Jack Abramoff that was linked to by an anti-Semitic website. Before I knew it, my site was flooded with scores of deeply offensive anti-Semitic comments. While it is improper to blame an entire group for the faults of an individual member, we all know there are many people in the world filled with hate who are happy to do just that. How, as a people, do we deal with the potential moral stain from actions of individual Jews?
I wonder, for example, whether a Washington Bet Din should be convened to deliberate about the issues in this case. Should his tzedakah be returned? Should his alleged pilfering from Native American tribes be censured? I can see from some of the comments on this case in my blog that the Orthodox community is circling the wagons to protect their own. We may be hearing from some quarters that the Justice Department is engaging in an anti-Semitic vendetta. I feel this is a misguided approach. Before making a martyr out of Jack, let’s let the criminal justice system work this out. If he is exonerated, then we should reevalutate our opinions of him. If he is convicted, then why should anyone, Jew or gentile, defend him. [Note: I wrote the above paragraph in August, 2005 and I’m glad to say that I haven’t read very much from the Jewish community along the lines I predicted.]
Rabbi Dorff also points out in his article, Nonprofits and Morals: Jewish Perspectives and Methods for Resolving Some Commonly Occurring Moral Issues (in Good Intentions: Moral Obstacles and Opportunities, Indiana University Press, 2005) that we must adjust our attitude toward a tainted gift to the attitude of the donor. For a sinner/donor who is remorseful and attempts to make amends for their misdeeds should not be seen the same way that an unrepentant person’s gift might be. But on this account too Abramoff falls short. In the Times Magazine profile, Abramoff admits to unspecified “mistakes” but never elaborates on what they might be. He seems entirely more interested in explaining and justifying what he did, rather than in doing teshuva (“return” or making amends).
Rabbi Daniel Lapin: Abramoff’s Rabbinic Enabler
One of Abramoff’s staunchest defenders has been Rabbi Daniel Lapin, a prominent social conservative who runs Toward Tradition, a conservative alliance of Jews and evangelical Christians. It was Lapin who first introduced Abramoff to Tom DeLay.
Congressional testimony reveals that Abramoff asked Lapin to provide him with a bogus Jewish “award” which he could use to bolster his application to join the exclusive Washington Cosmos Club. Lapin’s correspondence with Abramoff reveals him to be a willing accomplice in the charade. No doubt his readiness to help Abramoff, even in a fraudulent way, may lie in the fact that Abramoff helped Rabbi David Lapin’s company Strategic Business Ethics, win a $1.2-million contract with the Northern Mariana Islands (Torah Cover–Rabbis to the Right, The New Republic, June 20, 2005). David Lapin is Daniel’s brother. The Mariana’s were lucrative sources of fees for both Abramoff and Lapin.
While the Lapin brothers don’t seem to play an active role within the organized Jewish community (I don’t believe that either has a pulpit), I wonder whether fellow rabbis should feel some sort of obligation to critique the questionable behavior of a colleague; if for no other reason than that it brings the entire profession into disrepute? In addition, the Lapins have appointed themselves Jewish rabbinic emissaries to the evangelical movement. Shouldn’t the American rabbinate state loudly that the Lapins do not represent it in their dealings with the Christian Right (something evangelicals no doubt do believe in some sense)? I can tell you that I haven’t heard any rabbi or Jewish community leader comment publicly on Abramoff’s or Lapin’s conduct, let alone censure them. As far as the rabbis are concerned, perhaps it becomes hard to censure someone you may meet at a future rabbinic conference or you know personally. Well, American Jewish rabbinate…I can’t hear you!
Very interesting post.
And what does it say about the ethics of an “orthodox” Jew who lied to the Washington kosher authorities and hired a Jewish chef to serve up his speciality dish – South Carolina shrimp and grits in his fancy Washington restaurant “Signatures”?
See Abramoff Restaurant Ties Murky in the New York Forward.
I think it says he’s a hypocrite (and I don’t believe that he gave all his money away despite his recent protestations about being broke).
Good posting. One thing, though, in Hebrew the negative commandments in Tena”kh ( thou shalt not…) start with “Lo” and not with “Al”. I suppose that if “Al” had been used, the translation would have been “Do not…”.
i think one has to ask what the term “orthodox” really means here.
being brought up an orthodox Jew (18 years of Jewish day school, 2 years studying in a yeshiva in israel, a year and a half at yeshiva university), an orthodox jew is unique in their commitment to the oral law, namely the Talmud, the Talmud has many things to say about theft and goes into much more detail than the general “lo tignov” mentioned in the old testament. along with the talmud, Orthodox Jews give creedance to many biblical commentaries, including Rashi, Tosafos, Maimonides, Nachmanides and others.
So generally orthodox Jews are unique in their commitment to every minute detail of the law mentioned in the Talmud, which according to them is “halacha moshe misinai”, the oral law passed from moses himself.
my point is that if abramoff claimed to be an Orthodox Jew, that means he claimed to abide strictly to the Talmud’s laws, his lies and thieveries, his very actions actions say that if he studied the talmud’s approach to stealing, he probably didn’t get it.
at best i’d call him a “non-practicing Orthodox Jew”
As someone who has known about the Abramoff case before anyone in the mainstream media ,and as well I know them personally, let me just make these points.
1. IN NO WAY AM I saying what he did wasn’t wrong. However, people don’t realize that almost every lobbyist is doing illegal stuff. That is the whole point of hiring a lobbyist. Because they know the right people in Washington to talk to.
2. People don’t realize that, while true, he and his partner took millions that weren’t theirs, they made so much more for their Indian tribes than they took.
Now that’s a great new standard for the definition of a successful lobbyist. If you make more for your clients than you steal from them then you’re doing a good job. Now, if we could only get the legal system to recognize that standard then Jack might not’ve gone to jail.
“while true , he and his partner took millions that weren’t theirs, they made so much more for their Indian tribes than they took”
When I said that I was only addressing your post earlier about his tainted charity. In fact, I do believe he should be punished, although not as harshly as the government is talking about currenly.
Look, this is how I look at the whole Abramoff case. Did Abramoff do stuff that was wrong? Sure. Do most lobbyist’s do illegal stuff? Your’e naive if you don’t think so. The only difference was that Abramoff did it on such a grand scale. He was THE top lobbyist.
In my opinion, the whole idea of lobbying is bribery and they should do away with it.
It basically allows the rich to hire the right people who have connections. People can’t honestly believe he’s the only corrupt lobbyist. I compare this case to a case where let’s say Abramoff is on the highway and driving and everyone is speeding including himself. But only he is stopped. That is what the lobbying business is like. Everyone is speeding
Anonymous: I think we’re in agreement. All lobbyists are either corrupt or engage in activity that skirts the edge of legality. Abramoff was perhaps the most outrageous & flamboyant of a bad bunch. But the whole pt. of Abramoff is that if you’re willing to be the most brightly plumed peacock in the bunch then the G-men are going to start looking at you. Since he allowed his enormous ego to get the better of him in oh so many ways it seems only fitting that he should be slapped down authoritatively for it.
Of course he should be punished. But my point is, ONLY him?
He’s not the only one being prosecuted. Savafian will go to jail. Rudy may go to jail. Scanlon may go to jail. I’ve heard of other lobbying firms which have closed up shop after similar investigations. I don’t think he’s the only one being punished. He’s just the nail that stuck his head & got hammered down first of the bunch.
But I do agree w. you that political finances & lobbying need to be drastically overhauled. Only neither the Repubs or Dems have the courage or stomach to do it. But the Repubs have the most to lose since they’re entrenched in power & hence are most standing in the way of reform I’m afraid.
What I meant when I said that they aren’t going after anyone else is that all of the people you mentioned (Scanlon,Safavion,Rudy) are all guys connected to him. Not other lobbyist’s from a different case.
Also, I haven’t heard about lobbying firms which have closed up shop after similar investigations, but I wouldn’t be surprised.
The firm I was thinking of was the Alexander Strategy Group. But it too disbanded because of its close ties to Abramoff. However, another delightful demise involves Rep. Jerry Lewis’ favorite lobbying firm. Poor Jerry is in big trouble it appears for his misdeeds.
I believe that lobbysists tied to Tom DeLay’s coattails (Rudy worked for both DeLay AND Abramoff & Buckham too worked for DeLay & did dirty deeds for Abramoff) will also get their legal comeuppance some time soon. That guy was/is as crooked as a mountain road & his hangers on/lobbyist pals had to have been just as crooked or moreso to keep up w. him.
I think one thing you may be missing is that Abramoff has his tentacles into so many other lobbyists & Republican members of Congress. He’s not just a lobbyist like all other lobbyists. He’s an uber-lobbyist or in today’s terminology, a meta-lobbyist. All corrupt roads lead to him so to speak. That’s another reason why they lowered the boom on him.